term% cat index.txt MATRIX(2) System Calls Manual MATRIX(2)
NAME
ident, matmul, matmulr, determinant, adjoint, invertmat, xformpoint,
xformpointd, xformplane, pushmat, popmat, rot, qrot, scale, move,
xform, ixform, persp, look, viewport - Geometric transformations
SYNOPSIS
#include <draw.h>
#include <geometry.h>
void ident(Matrix m)
void matmul(Matrix a, Matrix b)
void matmulr(Matrix a, Matrix b)
double determinant(Matrix m)
void adjoint(Matrix m, Matrix madj)
double invertmat(Matrix m, Matrix inv)
Point3 xformpoint(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)
Point3 xformpointd(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)
Point3 xformplane(Point3 p, Space *to, Space *from)
Space *pushmat(Space *t)
Space *popmat(Space *t)
void rot(Space *t, double theta, int axis)
void qrot(Space *t, Quaternion q)
void scale(Space *t, double x, double y, double z)
void move(Space *t, double x, double y, double z)
void xform(Space *t, Matrix m)
void ixform(Space *t, Matrix m, Matrix inv)
int persp(Space *t, double fov, double n, double f)
void look(Space *t, Point3 eye, Point3 look, Point3 up)
void viewport(Space *t, Rectangle r, double aspect)
DESCRIPTION
These routines manipulate 3-space affine and projective transforma‐
tions, represented as 4×4 matrices, thus:
typedef double Matrix[4][4];
Ident stores an identity matrix in its argument. Matmul stores a×b in
a. Matmulr stores b×a in b. Determinant returns the determinant of
matrix m. Adjoint stores the adjoint (matrix of cofactors) of m in
madj. Invertmat stores the inverse of matrix m in minv, returning m's
determinant. Should m be singular (determinant zero), invertmat stores
its adjoint in minv.
The rest of the routines described here manipulate Spaces and transform
Point3s. A Point3 is a point in three-space, represented by its homo‐
geneous coordinates:
typedef struct Point3 Point3;
struct Point3{
double x, y, z, w;
};
The homogeneous coordinates (x, y, z, w) represent the Euclidean point
(x/w, y/w, z/w) if wâ 0, and a ``point at infinity'' if w=0.
A Space is just a data structure describing a coordinate system:
typedef struct Space Space;
struct Space{
Matrix t;
Matrix tinv;
Space *next;
};
It contains a pair of transformation matrices and a pointer to the
Space's parent. The matrices transform points to and from the ``root
coordinate system,'' which is represented by a null Space pointer.
Pushmat creates a new Space. Its argument is a pointer to the parent
space. Its result is a newly allocated copy of the parent, but with
its next pointer pointing at the parent. Popmat discards the Space
that is its argument, returning a pointer to the stack. Nominally,
these two functions define a stack of transformations, but pushmat can
be called multiple times on the same Space multiple times, creating a
transformation tree.
Xformpoint and Xformpointd both transform points from the Space pointed
to by from to the space pointed to by to. Either pointer may be null,
indicating the root coordinate system. The difference between the two
functions is that xformpointd divides x, y, z, and w by w, if wâ 0,
making (x, y, z) the Euclidean coordinates of the point.
Xformplane transforms planes or normal vectors. A plane is specified
by the coefficients (a, b, c, d) of its implicit equation ax+by+cz+d=0.
Since this representation is dual to the homogeneous representation of
points, libgeometry represents planes by Point3 structures, with (a, b,
c, d) stored in (x, y, z, w).
The remaining functions transform the coordinate system represented by
a Space. Their Space * argument must be non-null — you can't modify
the root Space. Rot rotates by angle theta (in radians) about the
given axis, which must be one of XAXIS, YAXIS or ZAXIS. Qrot trans‐
forms by a rotation about an arbitrary axis, specified by Quaternion q.
Scale scales the coordinate system by the given scale factors in the
directions of the three axes. Move translates by the given displace‐
ment in the three axial directions.
Xform transforms the coordinate system by the given Matrix. If the ma‐
trix's inverse is known a priori, calling ixform will save the work of
recomputing it.
Persp does a perspective transformation. The transformation maps the
frustum with apex at the origin, central axis down the positive y axis,
and apex angle fov and clipping planes y=n and y=f into the double-unit
cube. The plane y=n maps to y'=-1, y=f maps to y'=1.
Look does a view-pointing transformation. The eye point is moved to
the origin. The line through the eye and look points is aligned with
the y axis, and the plane containing the eye, look and up points is ro‐
tated into the x-y plane.
Viewport maps the unit-cube window into the given screen viewport. The
viewport rectangle r has r.min at the top left-hand corner, and r.max
just outside the lower right-hand corner. Argument aspect is the as‐
pect ratio (dx/dy) of the viewport's pixels (not of the whole view‐
port). The whole window is transformed to fit centered inside the
viewport with equal slop on either top and bottom or left and right,
depending on the viewport's aspect ratio. The window is viewed down
the y axis, with x to the left and z up. The viewport has x increasing
to the right and y increasing down. The window's y coordinates are
mapped, unchanged, into the viewport's z coordinates.
SOURCE
/sys/src/libgeometry/matrix.c
SEE ALSO
arith3(2)
MATRIX(2)