term% cat index.txt AUTHSRV(6) Games Manual AUTHSRV(6)
NAME
authsrv, p9any, p9sk1, p9sk2 - authentication protocols
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the protocols used to authorize connections,
confirm the identities of users and machines, and maintain the associ‐
ated databases. The machine that provides these services is called the
authentication server (AS). The AS may be a stand-alone machine or a
general-use machine such as a CPU server. The network database ndb(6)
holds for each public machine, such as a CPU server or file server, the
name of the authentication server that machine uses.
Each machine contains three values important to authentication; a
56-bit DES key, a 28-byte authentication ID, and a 48-byte authentica‐
tion domain name. The ID is a user name and identifies who is cur‐
rently responsible for the kernel running on that machine. The domain
name identifies the machines across which the ID is valid. Together,
the ID and domain name identify the owner of a key.
When a terminal boots, factotum(4) prompts for user name and password.
The user name becomes the terminal's authentication ID. The password
is converted using passtokey (see authsrv(2)) into a 56-bit DES key and
saved in memory. The authentication domain is set to the null string.
If possible, factotum validates the key with the AS before saving it.
For Internet machines the correct AS to ask is found using dhcpd(8).
When a CPU or file server boots, factotum reads the key, ID, and domain
name from non-volatile RAM. This allows servers to reboot without op‐
erator intervention.
The details of any authentication are mixed with the semantics of the
particular service they are authenticating so we describe them one case
at a time. The following definitions will be used in the descriptions:
Ks server's host ID's key
Kc client's host ID's key
Kn a nonce key created for a ticket (key)
K{m} message m encrypted with key K
CHc an 8-byte random challenge from a client (chal)
CHs an 8-byte random challenge from a server (chal)
IDs server's ID (authid)
DN server's authentication domain name (authdom)
IDc client's ID (hostid, cuid)
IDr client's desired ID on server (uid, suid)
The parenthesized names are the ones used in the Ticketreq and Ticket
structures in <authsrv.h>.
The message type constants AuthTreq, AuthChal, AuthPass, AuthOK, Au‐
thErr, AuthMod, AuthApop, AuthOKvar, AuthChap, AuthMSchap, AuthCram,
and AuthVNC (type) are defined in <authsrv.h>, as are the encrypted
message types AuthTs, AuthAs, AuthAc, AuthTp, and AuthHr (num).
Ticket Service
When a client and server wish to authenticate to each other, they do so
using tickets issued by the AS. Obtaining tickets from the AS is the
client's responsibility.
The protocol to obtain a ticket pair is:
C→A AuthTreq, IDs, DN, CHs, IDc, IDr
A→C AuthOK, Kc{AuthTc, CHs, IDc, IDr, Kn}, Ks{AuthTs, CHs, IDc, IDr,
Kn}
The two tickets are identical except for their type fields and the keys
with which they are encrypted. The client and server can each decrypt
one of the tickets, establishing a shared secret Kn.
The tickets can be viewed as a statement by the AS that ``a client pos‐
sessing the Kn key is allowed to authenticate as IDr.''
The presence of the server challenge CHs in the ticket allows the
server to verify the freshness of the ticket pair.
The AS sets the IDr in the tickets to the requested IDr only if IDc is
allowed to speak for (q.v.) IDr. If not, the AS sets IDr to the empty
string.
If the users IDc or IDs do not exist, the AS silently generates one-
time random keys to use in place of Kc or Ks, so that clients cannot
probe the AS to learn whether a user name is valid.
P9sk1
The Plan 9 shared key protocol p9sk1 allows a client and server to au‐
thenticate each other. The protocol is:
C→S CHc
The client starts by sending a random challenge to the server.
S→C AuthTreq, IDs, DN, CHs, -, -
The server replies with a ticket request giving its id and au‐
thentication domain along with its own random challenge.
C→S Ks{AuthTs, CHs, IDc, IDr, Kn}, Kn{AuthAc, CHs}
The client adds IDc and IDr to the ticket request and obtains a
ticket pair from the AS as described above. The client relays
the server's ticket along with an authenticator, the AuthAc mes‐
sage. The authenticator proves to the server that the client
knows Kn and is therefore allowed to authenticate as IDr. (The
inclusion of CHs in the authenticator avoids replay attacks.)
S→C Kn{AuthAs, CHc}
The server replies with its own authenticator, proving to the
client that it also knows Kn and therefore Ks .
P9sk2 is an older variant of p9sk1 used only when connecting to
pre-9P2000 remote execution services. It omits the first message and
last messages and therefore does not authenticate the server to the
client.
P9any
P9any is the standard Plan 9 authentication protocol. It consists of a
negotiation to determine a common protocol, followed by the agreed-upon
protocol.
The negotiation protocol is:
S→C v.2 proto@authdom proto@authdom ...
C→S proto dom
S→C OK
Each message is a NUL-terminated UTF string. The server begins by
sending a list of proto, authdom pairs it is willing to use. The
client responds with its choice. Requiring the client to wait for the
final OK ensures that the client will not start the chosen protocol un‐
til the server is ready.
The above is version 2 of the protocol. Version 1, no longer used,
omitted the first message's v.2 prefix and the OK message.
The p9any protocol is the protocol used by all Plan 9 services. The
file server runs it over special authentication files (see fauth(2) and
attach(5)). Other services, such as cpu(1) and exportfs(4), run p9any
over the network and then use Kn to derive an ssl(3) key to encrypt the
rest of their communications.
Password Change
Users connect directly to the AS to change their passwords. The proto‐
col is:
C→A AuthPass, IDc, DN, CHc, IDc, IDc
The client sends a password change ticket request.
A→C Kc{AuthTp, CHc, IDc, IDc, Kn}
The server responds with a ticket containing the key Kn en‐
crypted with the client's key Kc
C→A Kn{AuthPass, old, new, changesecret, secret}
The client decrypts the ticket using the old password and then
sends back an encrypted password request (Passwordreq structure)
containing the old password and the new password. If changese‐
cret is set, the AS also changes the user's secret, the password
used for non-Plan 9 authentications.
A→C AuthOK or AuthErr, 64-byte error message
The AS responds with simply AuthOK or with AuthErr followed by a
64-byte error message.
Authentication Database
An ndb(2) database file /lib/ndb/auth exists for the AS. This database
maintains ``speaks for'' relationships, i.e., it lists which users may
speak for other users when authenticating. The attribute types used by
the AS are hostid and uid. The value in the hostid is a client host's
ID. The values in the uid pairs in the same entry list which users
that host ID may speak for. A uid value of * means the host ID may
speak for all users. A uid value of !user means the host ID may not
speak for user. For example:
hostid=bootes
uid=!sys uid=!adm uid=*
is interpreted as bootes may speak for any user except sys and adm.
This property is used heavily on CPU servers.
Foreign Protocols
The AS accepts ticket request messages of types other than AuthTreq to
allow users to authenticate using non-Plan 9 protocols. In these situ‐
ations, the server communicates directly with the AS. Some protocols
must begin without knowing the client's name. They ignore the client
name in the ticket request. All the protocols end with the AS sending
an AuthOK message containing a server ticket and authenticator.
AuthOK messages always have a fixed but context-dependent size. The
occasional variable-length OK message starts with a AuthOKvar byte and
a five-byte space-padded decimal length of the data that follows.
Anywhere an AuthOK message is expected, a AuthErr message may be sub‐
stituted.
S→A AuthChal, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc
A→S AuthOK, challenge
S→A response
A→S AuthOK, Ks{AuthChal, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc, Kn}, Kn{AuthTs,
CHs}
This protocol allows the use of handheld authenticators such as
SecureNet keys and SecureID tokens in programs such as ssh(1)
and ftpd (see ipserv(8)).
Challenge and response are text strings, NUL -padded to 16 bytes
(NETCHLEN). The challenge is a random five-digit decimal num‐
ber. When using a SecureNet key or netkey (see passwd(1)), the
response is an eight-digit decimal or hexadecimal number that is
an encryption of the challenge using the user's DES key.
When using a SecureID token, the challenge is ignored. The re‐
sponse is the user's PIN followed by the six-digit number cur‐
rently displayed on the token. In this case, the AS queries an
external RADIUS server to check the response. Use of a RADIUS
server requires an entry in the authentication database. For
example:
radius=server-name secret=xyzzy
uid=howard rid=trickey
uid=sape rid=smullender
In this example, the secret xyzzy is the hash key used in talk‐
ing to the RADIUS server. The uid/rid lines map from Plan 9
user ids to RADIUS ids. Users not listed are assumed to have
the same id in both places.
S→A AuthApop , IDs, DN, CHs, -, -
A→S AuthOKvar, challenge
S→A AuthApop , IDs, DN, CHs, IDc, IDc; hexadecimal MD5 checksum
A→S AuthOK, Ks{AuthApop, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc, Kn}, Kn{AuthTs,
CHs}
This protocol implements APOP authentication (see pop3(8)). Af‐
ter receiving a ticket request of type AuthApop, the AS gener‐
ates a random challenge of the form <random@domain>. The client
then replies with a new ticket request giving the user name fol‐
lowed by the MD5 checksum of the challenge concatenated with the
user's secret. If the response is correct, the authentication
server sends back a ticket and authenticator. If the response
is incorrect, the client may repeat the ticket request/MD5
checksum message to try again.
The AuthCram protocol runs identically to the AuthApop protocol,
except that the expected MD5 checksum is the keyed MD5 hash us‐
ing the user's secret as the key (see hmac_md5 in sechash(2)).
S→A AuthChap, IDs, DN, CHs, -, -
A→S challenge
S→A pktid, IDc, response
A→S AuthOK, Ks{AuthChap, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc, Kn}, Kn{AuthTs,
CHs}
This protocol implements CHAP authentication (see ppp(8)). The
challenge is eight random bytes. The response is a 16-byte MD5
checksum over the packet id, user's secret, and challenge. The
reply packet is defined as OChapreply in <authsrv.h>.
S→A AuthMSchap, IDs, DN, CHs, -, -
A→S challenge
S→A IDc, lm-response, nt-response
A→S AuthOK, Ks{AuthMschap, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc, Kn}, Kn{AuthTs,
CHs}
This protocol implements Microsoft's MS-CHAP authentication (see
ppp(8)). The challenge is eight random bytes. The two re‐
sponses are Microsoft's LM and NT hashes. Only the NT hash may
be used to authenticate, as the LM hash is considered too weak.
The reply packet is defined as OMSchapreply in <authsrv.h>.
S→A AuthVNC, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc
A→S AuthOKvar, challenge
S→A response
A→S AuthOK, Ks{, IDs, DN, CHs, IDs, IDc, Kn}, Kn{AuthTs, CHs}
This protocol implements VNC authentication (see vncs in
vnc(1)). The challenge is 16 random bytes, and the response is
a DES ECB encryption of the challenge. The method by which VNC
converts the user's secret into a DES key is weak, considering
only the first eight bytes of the secret.
FILES
/lib/ndb/auth
database file
/lib/ndb/auth.*
hash files for /lib/ndb/auth
SEE ALSO
auth(2), fauth(2), cons(3), attach(5), auth(8)
AUTHSRV(6)