term% cat index.txt PRINT(2) System Calls Manual PRINT(2)
NAME
print, fprint, sprint, snprint, fmtinstall, strconv, Strconv, numbconv,
fltconv, doprint - print formatted output
SYNOPSIS
#include <u.h>
#include <libc.h>
int print(char *format, ...)
int fprint(int fd, char *format, ...)
int sprint(char *s, char *format, ...)
int snprint(char *s, int len, char *format, ...)
int fmtinstall(int c, int (*f)(void*, Fconv*))
void strconv(char *s, Fconv *fp)
void Strconv(Rune *s, Fconv *fp)
int numbconv(void *o, Fconv *fp)
int fltconv(double f, Fconv *fp)
char* doprint(char *s, char *es, char *format, void *argp)
extern int printcol;
DESCRIPTION
Print writes text to the standard output. Fprint writes to the named
output file descriptor; a buffered form is described in bio(2). Sprint
places text followed by the NUL character (\0) in consecutive bytes
starting at s; it is the user's responsibility to ensure that enough
storage is available. Each function returns the number of bytes trans‐
mitted (not including the NUL in the case of sprint), or a negative
value if an output error was encountered. Snprint is like sprint but
will not place more than len bytes in s.
Each of these functions converts, formats, and prints its trailing ar‐
guments under control of a format string. The format contains two
types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to the out‐
put stream, and conversion specifications, each of which results in
fetching of zero or more arguments. The results are undefined if there
are arguments of the wrong type or too few arguments for the format.
If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess is ig‐
nored.
Each conversion specification has the following format:
% [flags] verb
The verb is a single character and each flag is a single character or a
(decimal) numeric string. Up to two numeric strings may be used; the
first is called f1, the second f2. A period can be used to separate
them, and if the period is present then f1 and f2 are taken to be zero
if missing, otherwise they are `omitted'. Either or both of the num‐
bers may be replaced with the character *, meaning that the actual num‐
ber will be obtained from the argument list as an integer. The flags
and numbers are arguments to the verb described below.
The numeric verbs d, o, x, and X format their arguments in decimal, oc‐
tal, hexadecimal, and upper case hexadecimal. Each interprets the
flags h, l, u, #, and - to mean short, long, unsigned, alternate for‐
mat, and left justified. If neither short nor long is specified, then
the argument is an int. If unsigned is specified, then the argument is
interpreted as a positive number and no sign is output. If two l flags
are given, then the argument is interpreted as a vlong (a 4-byte or
sometimes 8-byte integer). If f2 is not omitted, the number is padded
on the left with zeros until at least f2 digits appear. Then, if al‐
ternate format is specified, for o conversion, the number is preceded
by a 0 if it doesn't already begin with one; for x conversion, the num‐
ber is preceded by 0x; for X conversion, the number is preceded by 0X.
Finally, if f1 is not omitted, the number is padded on the left (or
right, if left justification is specified) with enough blanks to make
the field at least f1 characters long.
The floating point verbs f, e, E, g, and G take a double argument.
Each interprets the flags +, -, and # to mean always print a sign, left
justified, and alternate format. F1 is the minimum field width and, if
the converted value takes up less than f1 characters, it is padded on
the left (or right, if `left justified') with spaces. F2 is the number
of digits that are converted after the decimal place for e, E, and f
conversions, and f2 is the maximum number of significant digits for g
and G conversions. The f verb produces output of the form [-]dig‐
its[.digits]. E conversion appends an exponent E[-]digits, and e con‐
version appends an exponent e[-]digits. The g verb will output the ar‐
gument in either e or f with the goal of producing the smallest output.
Also, trailing zeros are omitted from the fraction part of the output,
and a trailing decimal point appears only if it is followed by a digit.
The G verb is similar, but uses E format instead of e. When alternate
format is specified, the result will always contain a decimal point,
and for g and G conversions, trailing zeros are not removed.
The s verb copies a string (pointer to char) to the output. The number
of characters copied (n) is the minimum of the size of the string and
f2. These n characters are justified within a field of f1 characters
as described above. The S verb is similar, but it interprets its
pointer as an array of runes (see utf(6)); the runes are converted to
UTF before output.
The c verb copies a single char (promoted to int) justified within a
field of f1 characters as described above. The C verb is similar, but
works on runes.
The r verb takes no arguments; it copies the error string returned by a
call to errstr(2).
Fmtinstall is used to install custom verbs and flags labeled by charac‐
ter c, must have value less than 512. Fn should be declared as
int fn(void *o, Fconv *fp)
Fn is passed a pointer o to whatever argument appears next in the list
to print. Fp->chr is the flag or verb character to cause fn to be
called. In fn, fp->f1 and fp->f2 are the decoded flags in the conver‐
sion. A missing fp->f1 is denoted by the value zero. A missing fp->f2
is denoted by a negative number. Fp->f3 is the bitwise OR of all the
flags seen since the most recent The standard flags values are: 1 (+),
2 (-), 4 (#), 8 (l), 16 (h), 32 (u), and 64 (ll). If fp->chr is a
verb, fn should return the size of the argument in bytes so print can
skip over it. If fp->chr is a flag, fn should return a negative value:
the negation of one of the above flag values, or some otherwise unused
power of two. All interpretation of fp->f1, fp->f2, and fp->f3 is left
up to the conversion routine. Fmtinstall returns 0 if the installation
succeeds, -1 if it fails.
Sprint and snprint are re-entrant; they may be called to help prepare
output in custom conversion routines.
The function strconv formats a UTF string. S is the string, fp has the
same meaning as above. The strconv routine interprets the flag in
fp->f3 as left-justification. The function Strconv (with a capital S)
is like strconv, but its input is a rune string, which is converted to
UTF on output.
Printcol indicates the position of the next output character. Tabs,
backspaces and carriage returns are interpreted appropriately.
Numbconv is used to implement the integer verbs; its arguments are like
those of the function argument to fmtinstall. Fltconv is used to im‐
plement the floating verbs. Its arguments are like those of the func‐
tion argument to fmtinstall, except that the first argument is the dou‐
ble itself rather than a pointer to it. Both numbconv and fltconv use
strconv to put their results into the current print buffer.
One of strconv, Strconv, or numbconv must be called to produce output;
no other routine puts characters in the output buffer.
Doprint formats the arguments starting at argp into the buffer starting
at s, but it writes no characters after the address es. It returns a
pointer to the NUL terminating the formatted string.
Alef
In Alef, Fconv is called Printspec and the arguments to strconv are
swapped.
EXAMPLES
This function prints an error message with a variable number of argu‐
ments and then quits.
void fatal(char *msg, ...)
{
char buf[1024], *out;
out = doprint(buf, buf+sizeof(buf), "Fatal error: ");
out = doprint(out, buf+sizeof(buf), msg, (&msg+1));
write(2, buf, out-buf);
exits("fatal error");
}
This example adds a verb to print complex numbers.
typedef
struct {
double r, i;
} Complex;
int
Xconv(void *v, Fconv *fp)
{
char str[50];
Complex *o;
o = v;
sprint(str, "(%g,%g)", o->r, o->i);
strconv(str, fp);
return(sizeof(Complex));
}
main(...)
{
Complex x = (Complex){ 1.5, -2.3 };
fmtinstall('X', Xconv);
print("x = %X\n", x);
}
SOURCE
/sys/src/libc/port
SEE ALSO
fprintf(2), utf(6), errstr(2)
DIAGNOSTICS
Print and fprint set errstr.
BUGS
The formatting is close to that specified for ANSI fprintf(2); the dif‐
ferences are:
the - flag doesn't work
u is a flag here instead of a verb
X conversion doesn't use upper case A-F for digits ten to fif‐
teen
there are no 0 or space flags here
there are no P or n verbs here
Also, and distinctly not a bug, print and friends generate UTF rather
than ASCII.
PRINT(2)